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Xylem cells in the roots draw water molecules into the tree, taking in hydrogen and oxygen and
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carrying chemical nutrients from the soil. The xylem pipeline transports this life – sustaining

mixture upward as xylem sap, all the way from the roots to the leaves. Xylem sap flows upwards

at rates of 15 meters per hour or faster. Xylem veins separate throughout each leaf, bringing
xylem sap to thirsty cells. Leaves depend on this delivery system for their water supply because

trees lose a tremendous amount of water through evaporation of water from air spaces in the

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leaves also known as transpiration. Unless the transpired water is replaced by water transported

up from the roots, the leaves will wilt and eventually die. They also have a secondary function of
support. When someone cuts an old tree down, they reveal a set of rings. Those rings are the

remains of old xylem tissue, one ring for every year the tree was alive.

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39. All of the following are functions of xylem EXCEPT ______.

A) transporting food from the leaves to the trunk

B) taking in chemical nutrients from the soil

C) forming part of the tree’s structural support

D) moving water upward through the trunk

40. What can be inferred from paragraph 4 about xylem sap?

A) It is mainly fluid.
C) It is green.

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D) It is produced in the leaves.
B) It causes water loss by transpiration.

41. The word wilt in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to ______.

the physical properties of water. Transpiration creates the tension that drives long-distance Izmir University Of Economics
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D) dry up
A) melt

B) grow

C) swell

42. By studying cut sections of tree trunks, you can determine ______.

A) the amount of water lost from evaporation C) how well the tree was cut
D) the age of the tree

B) the strength of the tree trunk

How a tree manages to lift several litres of water so high into the air against the pull of gravity is
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an amazing feature of hydraulics, the science of the movement of water and other fluids. Water
moves through the tree because it is driven by negative pressure – tension – in the leaves due to

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transport up through the xylem pipeline. Transpiration provides the pull, and the cohesion of
water due to hydrogen bonding and transmits the pull along the entire length of xylem. Within the

xylem cells, water molecules stick to each other and are pulled upward through the trunk, into the

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branches, and toward the cells and air spaces of the leaves.

43. Why is the process of transpiration essential to a tree’s circulatory system?

A) It supplies the hydrogen and oxygen that trees need to live and grow.

B) It produces new phloem and xylem in the trunk, branches, and roots.

C) It causes the negative pressure that moves water through the xylem.
D) It replaces water vapor that is lost through the leaves’ air spaces.

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